- Pacemakers
- Pregnancy (including therapist – and patients and therapists who MIGHT be pregnant)
- Bleeding tissues
- Malignancy – over the top of cancer/tumor
- Active tuberculosis
- Treatment of the abdomen and pelvis during menstruation
- Severe circulatory compromise or deficit including ischaemic tissue, thrombosis and associated conditions
- Deep X Ray therapy or other ionizing radiations (in the last 6 months) in the region to be treated
- Patients who are unable to comprehend the therapist’s instructions or who are unable to cooperate
- Implanted metals
- Active epiphyseal regions in children
- Specialized tissues (e.g. eye and testes)
- Patients with an active fever
- Bacterial infections
- Heart disorders
- Loss of hot/cold sensation (neuropathy)